Demand And Globalisation Of Human Trafficking

Request And Globalization Of Human Trafficking This article will break down the idea and practice of human dealing, concentrating especially in transit in which the nearby issues have credited to globalization of human dealing, and the impact of western social orders on human dealing. It will additionally investigate the damages and brutality related with the dealing, just as forces that state bodies have on control and counteraction of human dealing. Human dealing is certainly not another wonder, anyway it has in the ongoing 20 years pulled in more media consideration. Horrendous stories of severity, misuse and maltreatment of young ladies dealt into prostitution has prompted numerous writers and scholastics expounding incomprehensibly regarding the matter. These reports and articles have exposed the degree of human dealing, however have likewise distinguished purposes for this wrongdoing and strategies for conceivable anticipation from such wrongdoing happening. Human dealing should be separated from sneaking. The two ideas are more than frequently connected and alluded to as indeed the very same. The fundamental distinction between the two ideas lies in the way that pirating once in a while incorporates the utilization of power or misuse and once the vagrant has been carried into the goal nation, they are allowed to proceed with the settlement in the new nation. Dealt individuals, notwithstanding, don't have that opportunity. Human dealing has regularly been alluded to as a cutting edge bondage and in numerous angles it holds numerous components related with subjection. Trouble with recognizing human dealing and sneaking features the extra damage that casualties of dealing may encounter when endeavoring to get help from police specialists and administrations of goal nations. In Human Trafficking: Sketchy information and strategy reactions (2008) Goodey contends that pirating becomes dealing once an individual who is being snuck encounters abuse anytime from enlistment through to landing in their goal (2008, p. 422). Goodey further contends that as a general rule it is hard to recognize pirating and dealing for the most part since runners could be viewed as misusing willing transients by expecting them to pay extortionate expenses so as to encourage their movement. These charges regularly become amazingly high intrigue advances, which should be reimbursed by the transient in an extremely brief period. Nonetheless, when such expenses have been reimbursed, the vagrant is allowed to proceed with his life. In a Home Office report Stopping Traffic: investigating the degree of, and reaction to, dealing in ladies for sexual abuse in the UK (2000) Kelly and Regan further clarify that a component of opportunity exists as a distinctive factor among dealing and sneaking. Kelly and Regan keep on clarifying that dealt ladies are heavily influenced by their dealers and are treated as a major aspect of exchange. Dealers will unavoidably bring about costs for the movement, distorting archives and pay off, among different costs, so as to encourage the way toward dealing, and will thus force that obligation on to the person in question, expecting her to take care of it through prostitution. It has been proposed that globalization has massively affected the expansion of human dealing in the ongoing years. Absence of financial open doors for ladies in post-socialist nations has been proposed as one of the principle factors in increment of human dealing. Urgency and neediness looked by young ladies is viewed as an alleviating explanation for the topic of why such huge numbers of ladies are happy to relocate. Techniques for enlistment utilized by dealers fluctuate, however most ordinarily include companions, family or accomplices of dealt casualties. Enrollment can likewise happen through an organization, promoting for employments abroad, be that as it may, these are bogus openings for work. Web has additionally become an essential device in enlistment of casualties. Berman, in her article (Un)Popular outsiders and emergencies (un)bounded: talks of sex-dealing, the European political network and the terrified condition of the cutting edge state (2003), contends that the evolvement of the social orders, both prudent and social evolvement, directly affect human dealing and the globalization of this wrongdoing. In this article, Berman sets out contentions to help her thought of human dealing as globalized and gendered wrongdoing. Anyway in her work the different ideas of human dealing and carrying are regularly alluded to as one idea, which thusly can make more prominent mischief for dealt casualties, as they are viewed as close to unlawful foreigners. She examinations the explanations for globalization and an effect monetary and social globalization have had on human dealing. It is clear that neighborhood issues become globalized where absence of accessible business or open door for young ladies is accessible. These ladies will at that point be effortlessly convinced, with the bogus guarantee of a superior life abroad, to consent to movement, not knowing the truth of what is coming down the road of them. Enrollment process is along these lines keenly intended to guarantee that the selection representatives are typically individuals they know, family members or anybody they may trust, and on the grounds that this is the situation, the truth of their future is significantly all the more upsetting. Shelleys work Human Trafficking as a Form of Transnational Crime (2007) contends that the advanced innovation has encouraged for a simpler and quicker correspondence inside the globalized world, and has along these lines majorly affected the composed wrongdoing. Shelley further contends that in the nations of previous USSR, a huge number of sites exist advancing ladies and sexual administrations, and in Europe, sites advance sex the travel industry, especially in Latin America and Asia (Shelley, 2007, p. 119). Goodey (Human Trafficking: Sketchy information and strategy reactions, 2008) examinations the reasons why movement and dealing specifically can continue even where the avoidance methods, for example, open familiarity with such wrongdoing, have been actualized. She discovers proof in the way that a prosperous sex industry exists thus does the interest for ladies and young ladies. Dealers perceive the interest for such administrations and consequently guarantee that there is a customary flexibly of ladies. Goody further contends that enrollment of new nations in the EU, specifically the eastern European and post-socialist nations, which were in the past perceived as nations of roots for sex dealing, has encouraged a simpler technique for dealing. Mischief and brutality of human dealing is something other than physical maltreatment by dealers and their proprietors. Mischief and viciousness frequently stretch out after the time of misuse had finished. It expands even at the police headquarters where specialists appear to be increasingly worried about evacuation of illicit foreigners instead of helping the casualties of dealing. Trouble with perceiving the survivors of dealing lies in the way that even casualties themselves don't really have a clue what has befallen them has in certainty made them such casualty. Dread of arraignment and expulsion, for example being named as a crook, makes it considerably harder for the casualties to approach and recognize themselves as casualties. Besides, dread over absence of arraignment of the dealers themselves further deadens the entire criminal equity framework. Ladies are urged to help with arraignment so as to have the option to remain in the nation, anyway such help doesn't really reach out after the indictment time frame and it surely doesn't stretch out to their families who are still in the beginning nation. Shelley (Human Trafficking as a Form of Transnational Crime, 2007) investigates the techniques utilized by dealers so as to learn authority over the casualties once the enrollment and confinement process has been accomplished. She contends that the dealers are seldom gotten or effectively arraigned essentially because of the absence of help for survivors of dealing. Bermans work (Un)Popular outsiders and emergencies (un)bounded: talks of sex-dealing, the European political network and the terrified condition of the advanced state (2003) further contends that insurance of casualties is constrained and that the compel put on casualties to additionally risk both their lives and the lives of their friends and family is huge. The absence of satisfactory insurance implies that numerous dealers go unpunished, while the genuine casualties are themselves rewarded as unlawful lawbreakers. The best mischief, nonetheless, is the infringement of human privileges of each dealt lady. It has been indicated that dealt ladies who are auctions off to various proprietors are dependent upon a lot more prominent maltreatment. The maltreatment endured by dealt ladies is combined with the dread their dealers force on them. Undermining their lives and the lives of the friends and family are the techniques utilized by dealers to guarantee that the casualties of dealing stay in their control and do as they are told. Force is vested inside the legislatures and administrative specialists, anyway one might say that dealers themselves have incredible force also. So as to have the option to traffic such huge quantities of ladies, men and kids, requires extraordinary association and considerably more prominent associations with outskirt controls, just as specialists that appear to be corruptible. In Stopping Traffic? (2006), Munro investigations counter dealing proposition set out in various nations and how every nation, utilizing diverse administrative methodologies, endeavors to forestall human dealing. Her investigation features the issues looked by every nation, as collaboration isn't really set up between the nations. In spite of the fact that, her examination depends on the activities of the individual nations, her discoveries are supporting the issues emerging out of globalization of human dealing, and all the more significantly, they investigate the inquiries on how such wrongdoings can in any case be done in the 21st Century. Through examination of the frameworks embraced by various nations, Munro endeavors to build up whether such frameworks

A Dolls House Analysis of Nora

A Dolls House Analysis of Nora I should take care of myself on the off chance that I am to discover reality with regards to myself and about existence, To what degree is Nora a deplorable courageous woman? - 1497 words (barring title) A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen is a cutting edge disaster that is based on the life of a commonplace Norwegian family unit in the Victorian time, concentrating on the hardships that face Nora Helmer in this male centric culture. A Dolls House investigates the status of ladies, however how they are survivors of social powers to the degree that they are left with the job of a dollwife. Over the span of this article, I expect to consider the character of Nora and to what degree she qualifies as a deplorable champion. As the drapery opens to the principal demonstration, we are acquainted with Nora as a lavish little individual, a sweet minimal high-roller; giving the crowd the feeling that she will be one more lacking female character as observed in past conventional disasters. Ibsen utilizes disparaging language to depict Torvalds perspective on his significant other, how to him she was only a sweet little skylark, the word small underlining Torvalds misanthropic sense of self, and how he utilizes regularly adoring terms yet causes them to appear to be deigning and belittling. Aristotles portrayal of a heartbreaking legend as laid out in his book Poetics, is the place he talks about the parts of ones character which qualify one to be a sad saint, thoughts which have been acknowledged and extended for a few centuries, and frequently utilized as a form for awful legends. So as to arrive at my decision and choose to what degree Nora is a terrible courageous woman, I will contrast Noras character with a portion of the thoughts Aristotle talked about in his book. As per Aristotle, the sad saint is a man who is a blend of good attributes and terrible qualities. Notwithstanding the necessity of being male, Nora fits this part of his definition consummately as she can be viewed as both the exemplification of good and shrewdness inside the play, contingent upon ones viewpoint. Ibsen builds up Noras character as not simply insipid (as we maybe thought dependent on our early introduction of her) yet a lady who surrendered the necess[ities] of life and went to extraordinary lengths to spare [her] spouses life, despite the fact that it was viewed as indiscreet in Victorian culture, where a lady was moved from being, right off the bat a decent little girl, furthermore a decent wife lastly a decent mother. Thus, Noras character can likewise be viewed as having terrible qualities (one of Aristotles essentials of being an appalling saint) as she without a doubt commit[ted] a fake and as Krogstad says, the law thinks nothing about thought processes, regar dless of whether Nora did it for adores purpose. Ibsen expressed that a lady can't act naturally in present day society. It is a solely male society, with laws made by men with no respect to female feelings. Torvald shakes his finger at Nora and says that a warbler must have a perfect bill to trill with. Ibsens utilization of stage course plainly shows Torvalds stooping conduct towards his better half. It additionally shows that significantly following eight years of marriage, Torvald Helmer thinks little of his wifes character or abilities to the degree that it is faulty whether he knows her by any stretch of the imagination. Ibsen recommends that despite the fact that the plot unfurls in a male ruled society, those equivalent men could be handily hoodwinked by their spouses, as appeared by Torvald and Noras relationship. Despite the fact that Ibsen has followed Aristotles thought, he has left it not entirely clear as Noras activities can be deciphered as positive or negative. Ibsen depicts Nora as being teasing, utilizing her excellence and allure to further her potential benefit as she play(s) with [Torvalds] coat catches without raising her eyes to his, insignificant residential, coquettish conduct. Be that as it may, it adds intricacy to Noras character, as she is controlling her significant other into giving her what she wants. Then again, Ibsen could be depicting that ladies were presently splitting endlessly from the restrictions of the social standard, where before all else, [they] are a spouse and a mother. As it is uncovered to us that Nora spared Torvalds life, we realize that she isn't only a dollwife, yet a lady of scholarly intricacy. Ibsen adds mental profundity to Noras character, profundity that was already phenomenal inside female characters in dramatization, a prime model being Shakespeares Ophelia. The play adheres to Aristotles rule - the awful legend has a heartbreaking blemish, or hamartia, that is the reason for his destruction , setting up Nora as an unfortunate courageous woman. Nora Helmers heartbreaking imperfection is without a doubt her naivetã ©. As Aristotle expressed, the catastrophe is generally activated by some mistake of judgment or some character imperfection and it tends to be said that it is Noras honesty that unavoidably drives her to her shocking fall. As I have recently talked about, Torvald reliably shows deigning and belittling conduct towards Nora, calling her a little featherhead and an unyielding little individual, and Nora appears to see his injurious and controlling conduct as a sign that Torvald is so irrationally enamored with [her]. Nora views her better half as having no ethical failings, and man enough to volunteer to the degree that he could never for a second delay to give his life for [her]. Torvalds ethical quality is the thing that makes his activities so stunning when he will not spare her and blames her for having no religion, no profound quality, no feeling of obligation, when in reality the explanation for her unethical behavior was Torvald himself. Noras comprehension of her hamartia allows her to arrive at cleansing which is a common snapshot of self acknowledgment, permitting her to in this manner amend her concern and complete her excursion to be an awful courageous woman. During Act II, Nora begins to understand her blemish, she begins to understand that she isn't Torvalds dollwife living in his play room. This is made obvious in the play as Nora can't help contradicting Torvald and says he has an extremist perspective on. Despite the fact that this acknowledgment is no place as sensational as it would have been in old style disaster, Noras activities have a similar impact on the crowd as she voices her supposition, taking on the predominant job in their relationship. Aristotle additionally expresses that the appalling saint is somebody individuals can identify with. Ibsen has made this conceivable by setting his play inside a normal well-to-do Victorian family unit, and utilizations Nora to delineate the persecution of ladies, and how they have been dehumanized to unimportant objects of diversion, especially in the white collar class society. George Bernard Shaw concurs that the plays residential setting makes the characters unmistakable individuals as their issues were natural to the crowd. Ibsen outlines the Helmers severed marriage through Nora taking [her] extravagant dress, her changing into ordinary garments represents the shedding of all hallucinations about their marriage. He utilizes the analogy of a cool, snowy night to portray the chilly climate of the Helmer family unit. Ibsen shows how Nora has existed just to perform stunts for [Torvald] through the tarantella, a society move that was generally performed to cleanse oneself of toxic substance, demonstrating the power of the control Torvald has over her. At long last, Aristotle contends that the disastrous legend consistently falls at long last, and that is the reason he is known as a grievous saint. His terrible defect consistently winds up in catastrophe for himself and for everyone around him. The plays peaks when Nora leaves her significant other and youngsters, which can be viewed as her fall. This can be viewed as either a statement of her mankind or as a carelessness of her most consecrated obligations, as she forsake(s) [her] spouse and kids. Nonetheless, In my supposition, Nora isn't forsaking any obligations as despite the fact that she had borne [Torvald] three kids, it was their house cleaner Anne-Marie that took into account all the childrens needs, while it was incredible fun when [Nora] played with [the children], the youngsters have been [her] dolls. Accordingly, it very well may be viewed as freedom for Nora as her entire life, she was just moved from Papas hands to [Torvalds], permitting her to make nothing of [her] life. It is here when our little skylark at last takes off from her confine, achieving opportunity. Aristotle concurs that the fall isn't unadulterated misfortune. There is some expansion in mindfulness, some increase in self-information, as Nora pummels the entryway shut on her marriage. It tends to be said that Ibsen utilizes his last stage course to represent the conceivable decay of male centric society, the end of nineteenth century convictions and the introduction of Modernism. All through the play, Nora takes on a wide range of jobs, making her character hard to compartmentalize, however as a pundit says, the best sensational characters have the opportunity of incoherency. In A Dolls House, Ibsen presents us with a character that from the start gives off an impression of being a featherhead, however follows the Aristotelian excursion of an appalling saint, from hamartia to purgation to her sad fall. Aristotle says that the awful legend is a character of honorable height and has significance, and despite the fact that Nora is only a normal Victorian housewife, it is unquestionable that she does in truth have enormity, making Nora an advanced appalling courageous woman.

OWI or Operating While Intoxicated

OWI or Operating While Intoxicated Addiction Alcohol Use Drunk Driving Print OWI or Operating While Intoxicated By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on May 25, 2019 Erik Von Weber / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Drunk Driving Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery OWI is an acronym for operating while intoxicated, referring to a legal charge for drunken driving. For the most part, the acronym that indicates a drunk driving charge depends on the state in which you are driving. Common Drunk Driving Acronyms Depending on the terminology the states lawmakers used when creating their drunk driving laws, the charge could be referred to by the following acronyms:DUI - Driving Under the InfluenceDWI - Driving While IntoxicatedOUI - Operating Under the Influence While ImpairedOVI - Operating a Vehicle While IntoxicatedOWI - Operating While Intoxicated Other acronyms are used to refer to charges related to the severity of the drunken driving charge: ADWI - Aggravated Driving While IntoxicatedDUII-CS - Driving Under the Influence of Intoxicants: Controlled SubstancesDUII - Driving Under the Influence of IntoxicantsDWAI - Driving While Ability ImpairedOMVI - Operating a Motor Vehicle While ImpairedOUII - Operating Under the Influence of Intoxicating Liquor DUI Is the Most Common Term The most common acronym used for drunken driving is DUI, which is used in most states for driving under the influence. States that use the term DWI include Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Texas, and West Virginia. The following terms are used in the states listed below: OWI - Indiana, IowaOUI - Massachusetts, Rhode IslandOVI - OhioDUII - Oregon 10 Things You Should Know About Getting a DUI Some States Use Multiple Terms Some jurisdictions use more than one of the above acronyms to refer to varying levels of severity of the crime and different levels of punishment. For example, some states use DUI to charge someone driving with a blood-alcohol content over the legal limit, but use DWI (driving while impaired) to charge someone who was obviously impaired but not over the legal BAC limit. In the District of Columbia, for example, drivers can be charged with DWI, DUI, and OWI. The DWI charge is for cases where the driver was tested and had a BAC of 0.08 or higher. The police do not have to prove the driver was impaired. Impaired, but Not Legally Drunk A DUI charged in Washington, D.C. usually means there is no proof that the driver had a BAC over the legal limitâ€"perhaps the driver refused a breath testâ€"but other evidence proved that he was impairedâ€"such as field sobriety tests or observations by the arresting officer. A charge of OWI in the District means that the prosecution can prove the driver was driving under the influence of any amount of alcohol but does not have to prove the driver was impaired or legally intoxicated. In D.C., this charge carries the lowest penalties. Intoxication Affects More Than Driving Also, in some jurisdictions, OWI is used in cases in which driving was not involved, but the operator was intoxicated while operating a boat, heavy equipment or carrying out some other function. As lawmakers across the United States begin to deal with the growing problem of drugged drivingâ€"driving under the influence of a drug, illegal or prescriptionâ€"they are rewriting their laws to meet the new challenges. Laws Are Changing Across the U.S. Consequently, some states may come up with a batch of new acronyms to refer to various charges of operating while intoxicated, or they may move toward using more generalized terms to refer to driving while impairedâ€"meaning under the influence of alcohol or drugs. More states may join the majority by using DUIâ€"driving under the influenceâ€"because it could refer to the influence of either alcohol or drugs. It Is a Serious Offense No matter what they call it where you are arrested for impaired driving, it is a serious offense carrying penalties that are increasing in severity across the country, as states continue to try to reduce the number of injuries and deaths on the highways. Whether its called a DUI, DWI or OWI, a conviction for drunken driving will cost you a staggering amount of money, immediately and in the long term. It can also cost you indirectly because it might restrict the jobs you are able to get with a DUI conviction on your record. Do You Know What Drunk Driving Laws Your State Has?

Essay The Tragic Hero in The Crucible by Arthur Miller

The Crucibles Tragic Hero A tragic event should bring fear and pity to the reader and the hero should be courageous and noble, hence when combined a tragic hero is presented. The protagonist, John Proctor, portrays a tragic hero in The Crucible. His hamartia of treachery caused great internal struggles, he displays hubris by challenging authority, and encountered catastrophe as the play went on. John Proctor’s decision to betray his wife caused internal turmoil and ultimately lead to his ruin at the end of the play. Proctor’s tragic flaw was that in which he committed treachery, which provoked part of his misfortune. Proctor’s serious mistake of adultery delivered problems with Abigail and caused an accusation of his wife†¦show more content†¦The court jailed Proctor; Elizabeth Proctor’s selfless act backfired. Proctor committing adultery with Abigail directly caused his jailing and indirectly caused his wife’s allegation as a witch; for Proctor starting the spark to Abigail’s intense lascivious emotions toward him resulted in his death. The court viewed his real truth as a lie and believed he defied authority. Although, John Proctor did not truly defy authority in that scene of the play, for he told the truth and his wife lied, he challenged control in many other aspects. John Proctor exposed pride through his hate of Reverend Parris. John Proctor proclaimed that he did not go to Church, an act the court and townspeople viewed as a revolt on the supremacy of God, because the Reverend Parris was corrupt. Parris was materialistic and cared more about the sake of his reputation than the health of his own daughter. Proctor resented the Church because Parris ran it. In the eyes of officials, this casual negligence of God turned Proctor into an unchristian, sinful rebel. Though Proctor’s reasons for disregarding the Church were quite reasonable, people did not accept them in the particular time period. Near the end of The Crucible, Proctor believed that he had lost the battle of witchcraft. He felt there was no longer any hope that the court would free him from execution, and he panicked. A person can be strong forShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero of The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tragic Hero of The Crucible    A tragedy should bring fear and pity to the reader. A man in this tragedy should not be exceptionally righteous, but his faults should come about because of a certain irreversible error on his part. This man should find a bad or fatal ending to add to the tragedy of the story, for this man in the tragic hero. The protagonist John Proctor portrays a tragic hero in The Crucible; his hamartia of adultery causes great internal struggles, he displays hubris byRead More John Proctor is a Tragic Hero in The Crucible by Arthur Miller688 Words   |  3 Pagestimes of the ancient Greeks, tragic heroes have been used to enhance the meaning of a play or literary work. Any character cannot be described as tragic hero. Several key characteristics are necessary for the tragic hero to possess in order to be characterized as such. He must be high-ranked or have a high standing in the community. He must have a weakness or a tragic flaw and be involved in a struggle. In the end, that struggle will lea d to his downfall. Arthur Miller purposely incorporates theseRead MoreThe Tragic Hero, John Practor, in The Crucible by Arthur Miller686 Words   |  3 Pages John Proctor The Crucible by Arthur Miller is set in Salem in a Puritan community. John Proctor had everything the average puritan could ever want: a farm to ceaselessly toil upon, three sons to discipline, and a wife to spend his life with. Proctor was a guy that wasn’t afraid to speak his mind and throughout Salem he was respected and honored for it. But John wasn’t the perfect man either he had betrayed his wife and committed adultery. John Proctor is the tragic hero because he is loving,Read MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1457 Words   |  6 PagesSteven Huang Ms. Folkrod English 3, Period 7 26 October 2014 Proctor’s Pride and Downfall A tragic hero is a hero in a story whose natural flaws or wrong judgments, associates with bad fate, causes his downfall or death. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, there are tragic heroes. In the late 1600s, there are a series of witch trials happens at Salem, MA. John Proctor, a farmer who lives in a farm with his wife Elizabeth Proctor, is the protagonist during the Salem witch trial. John is a candid, frankRead MoreThe True Tragic Hero: The Crucible’s John Proctor Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesThe true tragic hero: The Crucible’s John Proctor A tragic hero is a noble man who commits a fatal flaw. The hero’s downfall is a result of their choices which leads to a punishment that exceeds the crime. â€Å"The difference between Proctor and Willy Loman is enormous; the former is the rather typical tragic hero who is defiant to the end, the latter is trapped in submission and is living a lie† (McGill 4). John Proctor is one of the main characters in The Crucible. he is married to Elizabeth ProctorRead MoreJohn Proctor as a Tragic Hero in The Crucible850 Words   |  4 Pagesplay by Arthur Miller The Crucible, the town of Salem is in pandemonium under the non-existent threat of witchcraft. Every character is either lying to save their lives or to end others, or dying for not admitting to a lie. One character who stands out among the chaotic conflagration is the tragic hero John Proctor. In Greek drama, a tragic hero is defined as â€Å"a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy that is destined for dow nfall, suffering, or defeat.† No character in The Crucible fits thisRead MoreJohn Proctor as Tragic Hero of Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Proctor as Tragic Hero of Arthur Millers The Crucible In the play, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, John Proctor fits the classic Greek definition of a tragic hero.   Aristotle, one of the great Greek philosophers, teachers and writers, stated that one of the most important aspects of a tragedy was the tragic hero.   He defined a tragic hero as a noble person that goes from a state of fortune and happiness to a state of utter misery.   The character’s tragic flaw causes this changeRead MoreArthur Miller Criticism913 Words   |  4 Pages Arthur Miller is a highly distinguished author. He is considered by many to be one of Americas greatest writers. As distinguished a writer he is, Miller deserves to be selected for a spot in the prestigious American Author Hall of Fame. His works meet the criteria for the American Authors Hall of Fame since they have themes important to society, are unique, and have universal appeal. Arthur Millers works meet the American Author Hall of Fames first criteria by dealing with themes highly importantRead MoreCompare And Contrast John Proctor In The Crucible773 Words   |  4 Pages The Crucible by Arthur Miller, is a play written to mirror the anti-communist hysteria and how Joseph McCarthy went on â€Å"witch hunts†, which was basically finding an innocent person who was accused of being a witch and punishing them. Throughout The Crucible you will see very similar actions that mirror the McCarthy era; like how Abigail gets mad John Proctor does not want to be with her and spreads a rumor that his wife is a witch. â€Å"A tragic hero is the main character in a tragedy,† directly describesRead MoreArthur Miller s The Crucible2214 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Proctor: A tragic hero A man s reputation in many forms is his, life’s work. To have your reputation dismantled is like taking away one s accomplishments and life’s work. Arthur Miller s The Crucible is a play about justice and injustice, and how our justice system can be easily corrupted. The story revolves around a man named John Proctor, the tragic hero of this story. John Protector is a symbolic character created by Arthur Miller, because he faced the justice system head on. Proctor’s

The American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott...

The American Dream is an ethos idealized by millions of people. It is an attitude and mindset that can promote success and prosperity throughout life. When it comes to the American dream, a significant part is the quest for money. As shown in classic American Literature such as The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, the influence of money plays an important role throughout both novels. There are characters in both books that use money as a way of representing what their morals and values are. The decline of the American Dream is evident in both novels considering the negative effects money has on certain characters. The American Dream still lives today in society in which people†¦show more content†¦In The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is depicted in an adverse and undesired manner. When Nick Carraway moves to the West Egg district of Long Island he realizes the American Dream has been corrupted (Fitzgerald 10). Fitzgerald describes the 1920s as an era that is fraudulent and corrupt. We see that Gatsby is not someone that truly followed the American Dream to gain prosperity and wealth. Gatsby’s wealth was derived from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal products and this symbolized the 1920s as an era of newfound materialism and unprecedented success (Millett 1). Gatsby’s desire for wealth and power was influenced greatly by his old friend Dan Cody. While working and traveling with Cody on his yacht, Gatsby falls in love with luxury and wealth. Cody leaves Gatsby twenty-five thousand dollars when he dies, but could not claim it because of Cody’s mistress (Fitzg erald 107). After this event Gatsby was determined and focused in becoming a wealthy man down the road. Dan Cody made Gatsby the person he shaped and evolved into. Jay Gatsby utilizes his power and wealth in attempt to get what he always desired for. His love for Daisy was something he thought he could buy his way through by impressing her with extravagant and grandiose parties every week. The green light at the end of the dock symbolizes Gatsby’s love and desire for Daisy. Even though Daisy and Gatsby had a deep and strong connection their love could not last because ofShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby And A Streetcar Named Desire Analysis1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe Past is in the Past From youth, individuals have been told what has happened in the past is behind them and they can move on with their lives. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the play A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, the past is a key element. First of all, in both text forms Gatsby and Blanche go against their values to get back a part of their life that has been lost. Furthermore, both characters create an image of wealth to mask the tragedies of theirRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2668 Words   |  11 PagesMost Americans work hard to be better than others, achieve perfection, and hide their imperfections. Americans will do anything to hide their imperfections. This idea is present in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby and in Tennessee William’s play, A Streetcar Named Desire. In The Great Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker and Jay Gatsby appear to be living the wealthy and perfect American lifestyle compared to Ni ck Carraway, a man who was born and raised in the midwest and is rentingRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesBrief Survey of American Literature 1. Beginnings to 1700 Great mixing of peoples from the whole Atlantic basin Bloody conflicts between Native Americans (or American Indians) and European explorers and settlers who had both religious and territorial aspirations - Native American oral literature / oral tradition - European explorers’ letters, diaries, reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbus’s letters about his voyage to the â€Å"New world†. - Anglo (New England) settlers’ books, sermons

Historical Allegory and Symbolism in Animal Farm Free Essays

string(58) " not possess enough military power to defeat the revolts\." Haley Pruitt Mrs. Blount AP Literature and Composition 12 November 2012 Symbolism and Allegory in Animal Farm When George Orwell wrote his literary masterpiece that has been acclaimed for many years by critics everywhere, Animal Farm, there were many world events shaping the future of all of Europe and the world that impacted his views, which therefore influenced his writing and opinions. His background and values help to shape the glasses through which he views these events. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Allegory and Symbolism in Animal Farm or any similar topic only for you Order Now George Orwell is put into positions of warfare and diplomacy and handles both eloquently as he allows them to mold him into the person that writes the masterpieces that he goes on to produce. Animals are implemented to retell the story of Marxism, the Russian Revolution, and the downfall of utopian views and societies. George Orwell uses symbolism and allegory in his novel Animal Farm to show the social issues of the Soviet Union in the time period of 1917 through 1943. The background of George Orwell must be understood before one can go deeper into his literary works. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair who was born on June 25, 1903 in Motihari, Bihar, India. He was born into an upper middle class family and went to Catholic school. He moved to Burma where his grandmother lived, and this is where he later wrote Burmese Days, â€Å"A Hanging†, and â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†. â€Å"In Burmese Days, he resigned to ‘escape not merely from imperialism but from every form of man’s dominion over man’† (â€Å"Orwell† 748). When George Orwell moved to London, he began to explore the slums and the poorer parts of the city so that he could learn to understand them and the context of the many books that were written about them. Orwell became interested in the Spanish Civil War and decided to take part in it; because of this, he was asked to be a part of the Spanish Embassy in Paris and he wanted to eliminate fascism throughout the world. George Orwell was married to and adopted a son with Eileen O’Shaughnessy. She died in 1945 during a surgical procedure. Right before he died, he married Sonia Brownell in 1949. Orwell died at 46 years old from tuberculosis. He was in and out of many hospitals for the last three years that he was alive. The author was buried according to Anglican Rite in the All Saints’ Churchyard. At the outbreak of World War II, George Orwell was deemed unfit for service so he began to write for newspapers. Orwell wrote a column of the Tribune and he was a major contributor/writer of The Observer. â€Å"By this stage, Orwell saw himself primarily as a political writer, a democratic socialist who hated party labels, hated totalitarianism, and was to become more and more disillusioned with the methods of Communism† (â€Å"Orwell† 748). Orwell wanted to expose Communism and eliminate it from Europe. Through his writing for various newspapers, he saw himself as making a difference, but not quite as much as he would have liked so he began a novel to show the ugly truth of Communism once and for all. Before the end of 1944, Animal Farm was ready for publication, but a publisher could not be found as it was considered an attack on the Soviets. No one wanted to accept that kind of responsibility and punishment if something where to reach the Soviet Union regarding his use of allegory and symbolism using animals against them and their ideas. Eventually Jonathon Cape agreed to tackle the controversies that Orwell discussed and he published it. Jonathon Cape founded Jonathon Cape Ltd. with Wren Howard in 1921. It was one of the leading literary publishers in London during the time period. Jonathon Cape also published works such as T. E. Lawrence’s The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Arthur Ransome’s Swallows and Amazons, and the first of the James Bond books. Another historical issue that must be dealt with before a further understanding of Animal Farm can be reached is what exactly happened in the Soviet Union with the Russian Revolution and Marxism. Two German philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles, coined Marxism. â€Å"The  Communist Manifesto  (1848) of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels provided a theoretical basis for the revolutionary movements springing up in Europe in the latter part of the nineteenth century,† (Meyers). Marxism is a way to look at socioeconomics that is based on a more materialistic view of the development of history, a view of social change that has a lot to do with location, and an examination of the relationships of social classes within society and the way that capitalism is wrong and should be looked down upon. It fights for the self-discovery and freeing of the working class and making everyone equal to a certain degree. The Bolsheviks adopted these ideals of Marxism when they took over Russia in the Russian Revolution. World War I did not make things any easier on the peasants. Now they were forced to fight for a country they did not like in the first place and they were being simply slaughtered because they were not trained soldiers. Originally, it served to quiet the peasants because everyone was united against one enemy, but it wore off once the initial benefits were gone. Russia’s first major battle of World War I ended in over thirty thousand Russian troops were killed or wounded and the revolutions began. Tsar Nicholas began to make poor military choices and the Russians, particularly the lower class people as they had to fight and send their family and friends off to fight, began to think that there could be something better out there if they could find the right type of government to suit them. The February Revolt was the first of these revolts in the city of Petrograd. The tsar abdicated the throne because he was frightened and knew that he did not possess enough military power to defeat the revolts. You read "Historical Allegory and Symbolism in Animal Farm" in category "Essay examples" After this, there was a period of dual power where there was a provisional government that was loyal to the Soviet Socialists. The Bolsheviks were a group in Russia that began to revolt when the provisional government chose to continue to fight in Germany. Vladimir Lenin and the workers’ Soviets led the Bolsheviks. They quickly removed Russia from World War I with the Treat of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. This resulted in a civil war between the Bolshevik (red) and anti-Bolshevik (white) factions of the government, lasting for several years, with the Bolsheviks eventually pulling out a victory. The way that this happened, it allowed for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to rule later. The way that the Bolsheviks ruled the Soviet Union can be compared to the way that the Catholic Church was run (Frye 11). These are comparable because both were totalitarian and rigid with little thought into the people that followed them. People followed long sets of rules and did not really know why and there was no reward for them except to keep their lives/not be excommunicated from the church. The Russian Revolution describes the mini revolutions that happened in Russia in 1917 that rose up against the monarchy of Russia of which tsar Nicholas was the head. The causes of the Russian Revolution pertaining to society came from the oppression felt by the lower classes in the autocracy of the tsar. They had been emancipated, but life was no better for them. The industrialization of Russia led to overcrowding and very bad conditions in the cities for the urban industrial workers. This made the peasants more likely to go on protest and go on strike than in previous years. Some critics view the literary work of George Orwell to be creating a utopian society and to praise that idea of the â€Å"perfect society†. â€Å"Orwell particularly valued the vigorous, colorful and concrete style of pamphlets and wanted to revive the genre,† says Valerie Meyers of Orwell’s Animal Farm (Meyers). This is not well thought-out because he was making fun of the way that people thought of utopias and he made the utopian society of the farm animals in Animal Farm fail miserably. If he had been praising the utopian societies and genre, then he would have written things differently and not had the society end in failure and death which is ultimately where he believed it would end. â€Å"Orwell’s  Animal Farm, like Swift’s Lilliput and Blefuscu, is a coded satiric portrait of a real society, an anti-utopia which, by castigating real evils, suggests what society ought to be like† (Meyers). George Orwell uses satire and allegory to show an intended utopia failing and Meyers puts it well when she says that he â€Å"castigates real evils† because Orwell legitimately shows the evils of what was happening in Russia and tries to simplify them into something of a â€Å"fairytale† that the normal person could digest and understand. . It is written as a fable though with the moral being to â€Å"teach a political lesson† (Meyers). He is trying to show the common person the effects on the people and the seriousness of the controversies that he chose to write about. The ultimate goal of writing Animal Farm was to destroy the Soviet myth (Patai). Orwell wanted the myth that everything was going great in the Soviet Union to be dismissed because people were not taking things seriously. The rest of the world did not think anything of the terrorism that was taking place because they simply did not even know that it was happening. Concerning Russian Communism, George Orwell did not take into account the â€Å"underlying reasons for its transformation from a proletarian dictatorship into a kind of parody of the Catholic Church,† (Frye 11). Orwell simply went through the process of what happened and didn’t ask the questions like â€Å"Why did Old Major feel the way he did? † or â€Å"Why did the animals blindly believe the pigs and not question them? † The characters that are used in the literary work of Animal Farm are animals. Some critics say this is because it is written in a fable-style and some, like Daphne Patai say that this is because, â€Å"It was apparently easier for Orwell to identify with the animal kingdom, exploited at the hands of ‘humans,’ than to note that buried in class and race divisions in the human orld lay the issue of gender oppression,† (Patai). Orwell could more easily wrap his mind around the cruelty shown to animals because then he wouldn’t have to relate it back to himself and his responsibility and role in the cruelty of human treatment to other humans. Also, it allowed him to disregard race and gender in the characterization of the animals that lived on Manor Farm. When he wrote about the pigs taking over and all the other animals numbly following them he tried to show that â€Å"the class struggle among humans is ‘pure illusion’—which is itself an illusion,† (Patai). George Orwell was trying to show that we don’t have to blindly follow authority and that it is not in our best interest, but in the same respect, he proved that it can be dangerous if you do not, therefore contradicting himself. â€Å"Orwell’s concern is that no matter what viewpoint rulers adopt it is no guarantee that they can solve the ‘central problem’ of revolution—indeed, of life—namely, the abuse of power† (Slater 241). George Orwell believed that whether it was Communism, Fascism, or Marxism, the leaders failed to do what they took over to do in the first place. His philosophy was that it doesn’t matter the type of government, government cannot fix the problem of revolution no matter the strength. The characters that exemplify the symbolism and allegory make up the main plot of the masterpiece that is Animal Farm. The pigs represent the upper class Bolsheviks that took power, Boxer is the common man, the dogs are the secret police, and so on. Also, the symbols used throughout the book such as the hoof and horn flag, the Order of the Green Banner, and the part song entitled â€Å"The Beasts of England† directly parallel symbols common in Russian society at the time. Even the battles have their own parallels of historical revolutions taking place in Russia (Meyers). Orwell wanted to blatantly make a point and leave no room for question as to what this was specifically allegorizing. â€Å"He says that he will not attempt to speak for the work: Either it speaks for itself or it is a failure† (Quinn). Orwell made everything so clear because he felt strongly about this issue of Marxism and the totalitarianism happening in Russia. If a critic had a question about what this was about, it would have defeated the purpose that it was meant to serve and so he wrote it in a way as to leave nothing to assumption. The character that most of the people struggling in this time feel that they can relate to is the character of Boxer, a workhorse. He buys into the lies that are fed to him by the pigs and believes all of the propaganda. Boxer truly believes that the pigs are doing what is best for him and even is found encouraging other animals to go along with their decisions. â€Å"I will work harder† and â€Å"Napoleon is always right† are the mantras that he developed to help himself keep going and accomplish the work he was assigned by the pigs. Eventually, the pigs decide that he cannot work any harder and Boxer is deemed useless; he is sent to the glue factory much to the chagrin of the other animals that looked up to and admired him for his work ethics and motivation. The fact that he was sold for alcohol and food for the pigs shows just how the system of totalitarianism works. It shows the way that people blindly follow orders, and even those who follow orders are not rewarded. As for the pigs, Napoleon represents Stalin and Snowball represents Trotsky; they supervise and keep the best of everything, including food such as apples and milk. Napoleon prefers a harsher take on everything: defensive buildup of armaments, increased food production/work, and finally, eliminating Snowball from the equation altogether. Snowball is mellower, wanting destabilization by propaganda, building of the windmill (reducing work hours), and an eloquent way to run things. Because they come to a head on all of these governmental matters, the more brutal animal, Napoleon, finally wins by driving Snowball off with the pack of dogs being used as secret police. Napoleon, like Stalin, turns Snowball, like Trotsky, into a criminal and an enemy of the animals; his victory and bravery at the Battle of the Cowshed is diminished piece by piece and his memory is degraded. The dogs are tricked into acting against their fellow â€Å"comrades† with offers of food and other treats. They mirror the KGB in that they do the bidding of those in power and even turn against their leader when they see a reward for themselves (Gardner 103-104). Orwell’s Animal Farm is taught in schools all over the country, though the immediate need for the piece of literature is now gone because there is no more Russian Communism. Many critics say that it was written as a fable or a fairy tale, and though Blair agrees, he also says: â€Å"Still, the narrative of Animal Farm is ingenious, and its twists retain a certain charm† (Blair). Though the author is in the opinion that Animal Farm is simply a children’s book, there is a simple agreement that it was written â€Å"ingeniously†. The teaching of this literary masterpiece will continue throughout the years because of its use of historical allegory and symbolism to teach the reader simply what happened in the world events of the time period that George Orwell lived in. How to cite Historical Allegory and Symbolism in Animal Farm, Essay examples

Organizational Culture and Its Importance Essay Example

Organizational Culture and Its Importance Paper There is no single definition for organizational culture. The topic has been studied from a variety of perspectives ranging from disciplines such as anthropology and sociology, to the applied disciplines of organizational behaviour, management science, and organizational communication. Some of the definitions are listed below: A set of common understandings around which action is organized; finding expression in language whose nuances are peculiar to the group (Becker and Geer 1960). A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are clearly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members (Louis 1980). A system of knowledge, of standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating and acting . . . that serve to relate human communities to their environmental settings (Allaire and Firsirotu 1984). The deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are: learned responses to the groups problems of survival in its external environment and its problems of internal integration; are shared by members of an organization; that operate unconsciously; and that define in a basic taken -for-granted fashion in an organizations view of itself and its environment (Schein 1988). Any social system arising from a network of shared ideologies consisting of two components: substance-the networks of meaning associated with ideologies, norms, and values; and forms-the practices whereby the meanings are expressed, affirmed, and communicated to members (Trice and Beyer 1984). This sampling of definitions represents the two major camps that exist in the study of organizational culture and its application strategies. The first camp views culture as implicit in social life. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Culture and Its Importance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Culture and Its Importance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Culture and Its Importance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Culture is what naturally emerges as individuals transform themselves into social groups as tribes, communities, and ultimately, nations. The second camp represents the view that culture is an explicit social product arising from social interaction either as an intentional or unintentional consequence of behaviour. In other words, culture is comprised of distinct observable forms (e. g. , language, use of symbols, ceremonies, customs, methods of problem solving, use of tools or technology, and design of work settings) that groups of people create through social interaction and use to confront the broader social environment. This second view of culture is most relevant to the analysis and evaluation of organizational culture and to cultural change strategies that leaders can employ to improve organizational performance. BEHAVIOUR AND ARTIFACTS We can also characterize culture as consisting of three levels. The most visible level is behaviour and artifacts. This is the observable level of culture, and consists of behaviour patterns and outward manifestations of culture: perquisites provided to executives, dress codes, level of technology utilized (and where it is utilized), and the physical layout of work spaces. All may be visible indicators of culture, but difficult to interpret. Artifacts and behaviour also may tell us what a group is doing, but not why. One cartoon which captures this aspect shows two executives sitting at their desks in an office. Both have large billed black and white checked hats. One is saying to the other, I dont know how it started, either. All I know is that its part of our corporate culture. VALUES At the next level of culture are values. Values underlie and to a large extent determine behaviour, but they are not directly observable, as behaviours are. There may be a difference between stated and operating values. People will attribute their behaviour to stated values. ASSUMPTIONS AND BELIEFS To really understand culture, we have to get to the deepest level, the level of assumptions and beliefs. Experts contend that underlying assumptions grow out of values, until they become taken for granted and drop out of awareness. As the definition above states, and as the cartoon illustrates, people may be unaware of or unable to articulate the beliefs and assumptions forming their deepest level of culture. To understand culture, we must understand all three levels. One additional aspect complicates the study of culture: the group or cultural unit which owns the culture. An organization may have many different cultures or subcultures, or even no discernible dominant culture at the organizational level. Recognizing the cultural unit is essential to identifying and understanding the culture. Organizational cultures are created, maintained, or transformed by people. An organizations culture is, in part, also created and maintained by the organizations leadership. Leaders at the executive level are the principle source for the generation and re-infusion of an organizations ideology, articulation of core values and specification of norms. Organizational values express preferences for certain behaviours or certain outcomes. Organizational norms express behaviours accepted by others. They are culturally acceptable ways of pursuing goals. Leaders also establish the parameters for formal lines of communication and message content-the formal interaction rules for the organization. Values and norms, once transmitted through the organization, establish the permanence of the organizations culture. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IS ALSO A SYNTHESIS OF SUBCULTURES Sociologists discuss how distinct societies are composites of interacting subcultures rather than a single overarching culture. Organizations consist of subgroups that have specific characteristics and a sense of identification. Within organizations, people can easily classify themselves and others into various social categories or groups based on identification with their primary work group, occupational or professional skills, union membership, or age cohort. Subgroups in organizations can and do create subcultures that comprise specific networks of meaning; yet, at the same time, they remain associated with the ideologies and values of the organizations leadership. For example, at a macro level the culture that is attributed to the Department of Defense comprises the distinct cultures of the different military services and the corps of civil servants assigned to each service agency. A closer examination of each service culture reveals still greater cultural differentiation among occupational specialties, specific units within the service, and between line and staff personnel. Yet all of these subcultures adhere to the core ideologies, values and norms of the DOD. Numerous studies of organizational culture have highlighted that the formation and maintenance of culture requires interpersonal interaction within subgroups. For example, research led by Meryl Louis demonstrated the benefits of subgroup interaction to newcomers learning the ropes of the jobs. Survey respondents in their first job experience reported that the three most important socialization aids were: †¢Interaction with peers †¢Interaction with their supervisor Interaction with senior co-workers. Interaction with peers on the job was viewed as most important in helping newcomers becoming effective employees. Interaction is important for the acculturation of newcomers. Organizations do not, however, always have homogeneous subcultures. The explicit social products produced by subcultures within organizations can be widely diverse and even result in countercultures. Countercultures can have both productive and unproductive outcomes. Perhaps the key to a countercultures success (i. e. the promulgation of its ideology, values and norms) is the groups ability to demonstrate how its idiosyncrasies are consonant with the core ideologies, values and norms of the dominant culture. THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN THE ORGANIZATIONS OVERALL CULTURE AND ITS SUBCULTURES Some people may debate which comes first in an organization: the organizational culture or the organizations subcultures. The question that is relevant to the definition of Organizational Culture is how do the ideologies, values, and norms of subcultures compliment the organizational culture advocated by leadership? Explaining this relationship requires an understanding that cultures provide members with a reliable means to interpret a highly ambiguous environment. It is the leaders responsibility to specify the features of the environment that are relevant to the organization and then provide the supporting assumptions and rationale for its operating strategies. The leaders cultural messages should address ambiguities that are beyond the scope of any organizational subculture to explain to employees. Leaders should recognize that their cultural messages should specifically address cultural ambiguities associated with subculture practices within the organization, and limit their attempts to eliminate distinctions that are important to subcultures identities. In other words, leaders have a better chance of creating or transforming an organizational culture if they accept and foster productive organizational subcultures and consistently communicate how employees must perform in order for the organization to achieve its objectives. Cultural change then relies on leaders communication techniques that cross subcultural boundaries and carry messages about ideologies, values and norms that can be internalized by all employees. Memos and vision statements cannot achieve all of these objectives. Leaders, however, have a variety of sophisticated cultural communication techniques at their disposal to link subcultures to overarching cultural objectives of their organizations. The importance of Organizational Cultural can be derived from its definitions. An understanding of Organizational Culture can help a manager understand what the core value system of the company is and how is it a derivative of its culture or vice versa. The importance of Organizational Culture can be felt in all the spheres of an organization. Some of these are listed below. †¢Mission- e. g. , What is the organization’s core purpose? †¢Vision-e. g. , What is the organization’s overriding orientation? †¢Planning- e. g. , What processes does the organization use to actualize ideas? †¢Strategy for implementation of mission and vision- e. . , What kinds of concrete means for implementation of mission and vision does the organization utilize? †¢Measurements of success- e. g. , Does the organization have a system for continuous improvement? What kind of system(s)? †¢Overall organizational structure- e. g. , Does the organization have a flat structure? A hierarchical structure? What influence do staff have? †¢Supervisor y system(s)- e. g. , Do staff receive regular supervision? What is the content and context of the supervisory relationships? †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Everyday† language- e. g. What are the insider terms that staff members use? †¢Status and rewards- e. g. , Do staff get bonuses? Are they acknowledged in staff meetings for jobs well done? †¢Concepts of time- e. g. , Do meetings usually start on time, 10 minutes late? †¢Concepts of space-e. g. , Do staff have their own offices, do people usually keep their doors opened or closed? †¢Communication systems-e. g. , Is there an intranet, a staff newsletter? †¢Relationship(s) to external culture(s)- e. g. , Does the organization have a competitive relationship with other similar organizations? Individual/Group focus e. g. , Is the organization oriented more to individual or group needs? †¢Views on difference- e. g. , Are differences in race, sex, etc†¦ talked about? †¢Role delineation-e. g. , Are staff clea r on what their job description is or their roles in particular projects? As an employee in any type of organization can attest, organizational culture is as prevalent and as varied as individuals themselves. Organizational culture is enduring and complex, and may have both a positive and a negative effect on the staff and the workplace. In many ways culture will determine the survival of an organization over the long term, especially in volatile industries. Cultures that can be a liability to an organization include those that create barriers to change, create barriers to diversity or barriers to mergers and acquisitions. Understanding the organizational culture can help you to understand why change does not take place, or why a project fails. It will also help you to determine where to strive to make changes to the culture. As managers, why do we need to get a sense of the prevailing organizational culture? It is essential to understand the organizational culture if you want to make changes to how work is done, what type of work is being done, or at the broadest level, to affect the organizations standing in its industry. Understanding the culture and, as required, changing it, can mean the difference between attracting and retaining good employees and driving away the best employees with an environment that doesnt encourage, challenge, or reward them. For a new leader or manager, understanding the organizational culture that is in place is essential for success in providing direction, especially when the direction is different from what has come before. Are staff willing and eager to take on new challenges and to follow a new direction, or will they provide passive or active resistance to any changes? What is important to people today, based on their view of where the organization is and where it should be? Where are there disconnects between espoused values, such as the mission statement, and the over symbols and culture type? For example, if the organizations mission is to provide expert customer service, yet the strong hierarchical structure means that employees are not empowered to assist customers by providing creative solutions or dont have the required authority to provide responses or results, there is a disconnect. If an organization was eager to see positive change and the time was right for providing impetus to staff to follow a new path. The assessment of culture of the organization can reveal the opposite, however, which is just as valuable to managers. If there is resistance to change, if the espoused values of the organization dont match with the staff perceptions and prevailing culture, you must try to change the culture or change the objectives and mission to reflect reality. As a manager, it may not be possible for you to change the organizations overarching culture. Understanding the culture, howeverespecially if you want to adapt your departmental culture to create a more positive cultureis possible. Departmental cultures may differ greatly in organizations, depending on the leaders and the staff within those departments. You may not be able to have an effect on the organization overall, depending on your position in the organization and how large it is, but with work you will be able to make a difference at the library level. Some ways that you can try to change the organizational culture include reviewing the mission and vision for the firm with the staff to ensure that they are accurate. If changes are needed to reflect the reality of what you want to do and what you can do, then it should be done. For a start, make sure that departmental statements and staff actions reflect the type of culture you want. For example, to increase the market culture, try increasing the measurements of service activities and have staff involved in developing metrics and outcomes for services (as part of the performance management system, for example). Reward staff of particular service areas who respond to changes in customer demands through developing new programs or services. To reduce hierarchical culture, for example, begin by empowering staff to provide suggestions and to help implement their new ideas. You should also empower staff to make more decisions for their own areas of expertise. As the leader, one should always be aware of one’s actions and model the behavior one expects of the staff. Ensure that the statements one makes are consistent with the values and the symbols of the culture one would like to develop. One may not be able to change the overall organizational culture immediately, but the positive results and positive impact at the departmental level should have some level of spill-over effect onto other departments. Moreover, it will make it a more pleasant culture for everyone to be working in. CONCLUDING THOUGHT An understanding of organizational culture, and how important it is, is a crucial skill for leaders trying to achieve strategic outcomes. Strategic leaders have the best perspective, because of their position in the organization, to see the dynamics of the culture, what should remain, and what needs transformation. This is the essence of strategic success. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢Goleman, Daniel. Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books: New York, New York, 1995. †¢Stephen P. Robbins. Organizational Behavior, 8th edition †¢Schein, Edgar H. The Corporate Culture: A Survival Guide. Jossey-Bass Books: San Francisco, California, 1999. †¢www. wikipedia. org